Purpose – Previous researches have shown a gap in empirical testing, particularly in measuring the variability of supply chain factors. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the relationship between the variability of supply chain disruption factors and the financial performance of companies operating in the automotive sector in Europe. Design/methodology/approach – This study will use the panel data regression methodology. This method will allow us to analyze the effect of supply chain disruptions over time and across multiple companies and countries, and control for both individual ...

Purpose: This study has two main purposes. The first is to identify what is the prevalent leadership style at Sima Baghdad and the most effective leadership style in a high-risk environment. The second is to recognize if there is a relationship between the effect of each risk factor on time, budget, and performance. Design/methodology/approach: Participants of this study are employees at Sima Baghdad holding managerial positions (except administrative positions) and/or have a leadership role on site. The study used a quantitative descriptive approach as well as Spearman's Row to accept ...