For over 4 years (2017-2021), new content was constantly being added to this research, for a long-term observation of events, such as the rise and fall of Lebanese figures: after this paper’s interviews, two of the interviewees witnessed their superiors being convicted (Khalil Sehnaoui from Krypton Security, and Suzanne Hajj Hobeiche from the Internal Security Forces). The authoritarian theory was judged as most appropriate to convey the necessity of a technology that would allow private communication among citizens of oppressive regimes: most dangerously, however, is when journalists do not ...

The purpose of this study is to understand how social media affected the Lebanese revolution known as the October 17 revolution. The study explored mainly how and why people used social media platforms mainly Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, and it investigated whether or not social media had an influence over decision making during the revolution. The data gathering process was possible through a survey that was filled by 463 Lebanese from all over Lebanon, who are social media users. Also, five interviews have been conducted with public figures, journalists and activists to understand deeper ...

The study sought to examine and establish financial management tactics, for school leaders, in private secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon. It examined the background to the existing challenges from a global, Africa, regional and Cameroon perspective. A convenient sampling technique was used to select the schools. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data for the study. Three participants from each of the twenty private secondary schools were selected to obtain relevant information for the study. The population of 60 participants included: 20 principals, 20 ...

The purpose of the qualitative case study was to develop a curriculum model for KGI level with technology integration to teach English language based on two chosen themes from the Lebanese curriculum: body parts, house and family members. The curriculum model contained detailed lesson plans based on the Assure Model with technology integrated activities and resources presented in the form of curriculum pages. The study examined two sections of 61 KGI students and their two teachers during English language periods in a regular classroom environment. Data was collected over a twelve-week period ...

Beirut is a collage of urban styles due to the influence of Memluki, Ottoman, and the French mandate on its urban development. Beirut Digital District (BDD) is a unique cluster of innovation and entrepreneurship dedicated to creating a hub for the digital and creative community in Lebanon. The purpose of this study is to unravel the identity of BDD through a detailed reading and analysis of its multi-layered built environment. Flânerie and military urbanism theories are used to investigate the urban dress of BDD. Using the qualitative research method, in-depth interviews with 27 authors, ...

Instagram, is considered one of the fastest growing social media platform in recent years.There has been minimal studies on the effect of Instagram in reforming and affecting the beauty standards and lifestyle behavior of the Lebanese female young adults. The standard of beauty is essentially a variable standard of what it means to be attractive that is contingent on the feminine beauty ideals that are present in a given culture. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the usage of Instagram by Lebanese young adults affects in reforming their beauty standards and changing ...

This paper studies concepts from the uses and gratifications theory and gender theory amongst Lebanese VRChat players. It studies the concepts of catharsis, diversion, social utility, vicarious experience, and escapism, as well as the male gaze, gender identity, ego ideals, and toxic masculinity. The thesis objective is to determine the transcendence of the mentioned concepts into the virtual gaming world among Lebanese video gamers. The research was conducted qualitatively through semi-structured in-depth interviews as well as participant observation to further verify the obtained data. Findings ...

The 19th Century witnessed a new era in Arabic Literature. After a long period of mental stagnation, a great desire for learning emerged. The West started to gain interest in Eastern Literature, which triggered closer relations between the Arab countries and other European nations. This approach paved the way for the Renaissance, which intended to achieve a drastic positive change. The East also started to appreciate Western Literature; this led to a reform in hope to limit ignorance. This openness to other civilizations sparked authors’ desires to bridge the gap between East and West. Gibran ...

Municipalities are in direct contact with their communities, delivering basic services and ensuring safety and security within their jurisdiction, and they are at the forefront of the response to crises. While it is imperative to understand the potential of municipal communication in bridging the trust gap between the state and citizens to improve functionality and social stability, there is a dearth of such studies in Lebanon. This study becomes even more pertinent considering that it comes at a time when Lebanon is facing multiple crises including an unprecedented economic and ...

The process of teaching students has always been dependent on face-to-face instruction in brick and mortar institutions. Students and teachers meet at the same place and at the same time for learning. However, some incidents around the world could make a change in the medium of instruction. Lebanon’s political and economic volatility serves as an example of shifting educational practices as a corollary of myriad national problems affecting education. The massive popular uprising on October 17, 2019, the pandemic COVID-19, and the Beirut port-blast on August 4,2020 have had their toll on ...