The American Foulbrood (AFB) disease is one of the most serious bee diseases affecting the brood, and causing substantial damage to apiaries. The misuse of antibiotics by beekeepers in order to treat AFB has led to elevated antibiotic residues in Lebanon honey products, constituting one of the major trade barriers affecting export activities to the EU territories. The occurrence of the AFB disease is common in Lebanon. In fact, 53% of the Lebanese beekeepers are suffering from AFB infection with an annual loss 1.7% of their colonies. In an attempt to eradicate this disease, beekeepers are using ...