Exchange rates are one of the most important aspects of the economic health in a country. This study examines how the political history of Lebanon and its geo-political connection to the region's turbulence, have played a major role in its current severe currency crisis. One of the study’s aims is also, to find out the reasons behind the current Lebanese political and economic crisis. The scope of this research is limited to the period 1989-2022. Using an International Political Economy IPE approach, Laissez-Faire Economy (Free Market Capitalism), and State Capture theories, the study explores ...

These five open access factsheets were created following a unique ‘base-superstructure’ dialectical approach. They are useful when working with participants both in training settings, as well as in self-taught learning programs. The goal is to establish the political economy of both sectarianism and coexistence as the foundation for studying Lebanon through following a systematically rigorous approach and analyzing social phenomena and practices. These factsheets are open educational resources (OER) and are intended for awareness raising and as a foundation for further study. Therefore the ...

Even though there is a strong disagreement in the Lebanese political system over what precisely leadership is; most agree it remains the basic and key factor in the quality of performance and effectiveness of Lebanese institutions. It is generally asserted that the Lebanese government, the private sector's socio-economic conditions, and education, would improve much under a competent leadership. The study of leadership is not a mathematical or scientific application of rules and logarithms, rather it is an art. It is the art of influencing and motivating followers to achieve common goals ...

Lebanon’s economic growth trajectory has been affected by domestic and regional political events, as consumer and investor confidence has withered. The 1975-1990 civil war weakened the government’s ability to provide public services and provided further space for the private sector participation. PPP’s are not new in Lebanon; the country has a long history of private sector participation in the delivery of public infrastructure services especially in the electricity sector which traces back to concessions. The energy sector in Lebanon is a key contributor to the country’s current fiscal constraints. ...

The dissertation studies the relationship between art and human rights in post-apartheid South Africa. The conducted research reveals the role that art plays towards the human rights in the new South African nation emerging from the oppressive regime of apartheid. In some cases, post-apartheid South African art plays a positive role towards the human rights mission. These cases include highlighting the sexist-racist oppression that black women experienced during apartheid and engaging in the transitional justice of South Africa from apartheid to democracy. In other cases, post-apartheid South ...

The writing of this thesis meets the obvious need for a general work on the law of armed conflict from its theoretical origins to the most recent political and legal developments. The title expresses one of the basic purposes of International Humanitarian Law, which is to provide, amid generalized barity of war, protection to civilians and those no longer taking part in the fighting, and even restrictions on the violent conduct between the combatants. Resistance movements in occupied territories have been accepted as a concept since WWII. However, the exact characteristics of these movements, ...

The main purpose of this study is to uncover the extent to which Lebanese civil society can contribute to social and political changes and be an agent to the democratization process. The study also aims at presenting an appraisal of the reality of the Lebanese civil society in terms of advocating for changes and reforms according to civil society activists through the case of the “Civil Campaign for Electoral Reform “(CCER). The study contributes to the growing body of research on the role of civil society in democratization process. Interviews were conducted with organizers of CCER in Lebanon ...

Like other developed countries, the Lebanese bureaucracy is severely criticized not only by developed countries but also by the Lebanese citizens. Most if not all the Lebanese bureaucrats are not serving the public in the correct and proper way. This state of affairs created a big gap between the citizens on one side and the bureaucrats on the other. The citizens complain about the bureaucrats as being lazy, corrupt, ignorant, and unwilling to serve the public. Throughout the independence period several attempts were made to reform the Lebanese bureaucracy and adapt it to the changing conditions ...