The American Foulbrood (AFB) disease is one of the most serious bee diseases affecting the brood, and causing substantial damage to apiaries. The misuse of antibiotics by beekeepers in order to treat AFB has led to elevated antibiotic residues in Lebanon honey products, constituting one of the major trade barriers affecting export activities to the EU territories. The occurrence of the AFB disease is common in Lebanon. In fact, 53% of the Lebanese beekeepers are suffering from AFB infection with an annual loss 1.7% of their colonies. In an attempt to eradicate this disease, beekeepers are using ...

Contracting overseas construction projects is usually considered a “high risk business”, mostly because of a lack of adequate overseas environmental information and overseas construction experience. Managing risk is one of the primary objectives of firms operating internationally, nevertheless, the treatment of risk and uncertainty in the international management firm vary in their use of those terms and tend to look at particular categories of risk. In recent years, owners and contractors have aggressively pursued international business opportunities and projects, but in the face of the ...