The power to settle international disputes with binding authority distinguishes the World Trade Organization from most other intergovernmental institutions. The Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes gives the WTO unprecedented power to resolve trade-related conflicts between nations and assign penalties and compensation to the parties involved. A Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) that consists of the WTO's General Council administers dispute settlement. The DSB has the authority to "establish panels, adopt panel and Appellate Body reports, maintain ...

The internet has let to major growth in the economy due to its new e-commerce trends along with the dynamics in the advertising industry. Although e-commerce is an important sector in the world of trading, it has its implications; the companies all over the world have to find solutions to such implications due to the fact that e-commerce is of major importance for companiesto promote and sell their products. The purpose of my paper is to highlight the importance of ecommerce in the world trading and propose a solution to the implications associated with trading via the net. I will start by ...

This thesis was conducted to examine the impact of the evolution of FATCA on Lebanon. This study discusses the evolution of the U.S tax system, and its attempt to combat U.S tax evasion beginning with the Qualified Intermediary Program and ending with the U.S Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). Moreover, it entails the evolution of the FATCA regulations and analyzes this evolution with all the modification of these regulations. A detailed timeline of the evolution of the FATCA status as well as the projected timeline are highlighted. Interviews with four head of legal compliance officers ...

Lebanon, the second smallest state in the Middle East, has been influenced by numerous foreign interventions, of which most significant are those by, regional and global powers, the French Republic and the United States of America. Beyond their direct military presence in the past, both the US and France have been constantly accused of meddling in Lebanon’s internal affairs. In the past few years, the United States had been regularly imposing sanctions on Lebanese companies and individuals, whereas, more recently still, France was becoming directly involved in the Lebanese political crisis. ...

Today, the world is witnessing a debate between free trade (doctrine) and protectionism (doctrine). Those two are, opposite trade policies. The world’s main concern is the future of the international trade system. The issue of Trade is a global modern phenomenon that has an immense impact on countries and international relations. Changes came along the election of Donald Trump as the 45th US president. Among those changes, is Trump’s adoption of protectionist policies in opposite to Obama’s liberalist policies taken during his presidential term. One of those protectionist policies Trump has ...

This research delves into the geoeconomic dynamics of energy security and the influence of strategic resource policies on international relations. It examines how nations strategically manage their energy resources to gain political leverage and shape global dynamics. The study investigates the interplay between energy markets, geopolitical interests, and state policies, providing valuable insights into the intricate nature of resource-based power struggles. By analyzing case studies and employing theoretical frameworks, the research sheds light on the complex interactions between energy security, ...

The objectives of this thesis is to offer contributions and solutions to the rehabilitation and reform of local government, the legislative branch (the Parliament) and the bureaucracy as the three essential vehicles entrusted to advance Lebanon's developmental goals. It displays the various experiences and efforts in fostering "good governance" in Lebanon especially as it relates to the empowerment of local authorities and fostering appropriate decentralization measures. This research is divided into five chapters. The first one provides an overview of the historical development of the lebanese ...

For most of this century, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) has been the world's leading organization in the field of international commercial dispute resolution. Established in 1923 as the arbitration body of ICC, the International Court of Arbitration has pioneered international commercial arbitration as it is known today. The Court took the lead in securing the worldwide acceptance of arbitration as the most effective way of resolving international commercial disputes. Since its creation, the Court has administered well over 14 000 international arbitration cases involving parties ...

The main focus of this thesis originates in the idealistic perspective of international affairs, emphasizing not just the states’ interactions but a diversity of domestic and transnational channels, organizations, and individuals. Idealism has held a unique conceptualization of international relations. Depending on the pillars of the global system, it’s interdependent and cooperative structure, and the integrative functionalism of international players. Hence, Idealism promoted the role of individualism, voluntarism and the leaders’ genuine role and impact throughout history, especially on the ...

The Thesis examines the possibility and benefits of incorporation of human rights into Nigeria’s foreign policy especially through the use of its Technical Aid Crops (TAC) Scheme which was designed to facilitate manpower development assistance to countries in African, Caribbean and pacific (ACP) regions. It departs from the literature on Nigeria’s foreign Policy and argue that, though a concept still in its infancy as far as the conceptualization of basic components of Nigeria foreign policy is concerned, human rights issues have become a veritable aspect of contemporary inter-state relations ...