The expansion of e-government applications since the 1990s has led many countries in the developing world to follow the advanced industrialized societies in using e-government as an enabling tool to achieve reform goals. Lebanon is implementing e-government initiatives as part of international efforts to integrate the developing world in the information society. With corruption plaguing the country, this research aims to examine if the government in Lebanon is taking steps to tackle this rampant problem through e-government projects, and to assess the nature of such projects and the level of ...

Four days after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on the 2nd of August 1990, the Security Council subjugated Iraq to a series of financial and trade sanctions. Since then, comprehensive and partial sanctions became the security Council's favourite arm-twisting tool used at sixteen instances and against eleven countries compared to only two cases during its first forty-five years of operation. Economic sanctions fall theoretically somewhere between diplomacy and war. Their effectiveness as a coercive measure depends on multiple parameters concerning the socio-economic structure of the sanctioned state. ...

The first cooperative efforts toward international action were made in the twentieth century in order to prevent the spread of diseases from one region to another. The subsequent institutionalization of these efforts gave birth to the World Health Organization. As the necessity for a single worldwide health system came to be recognized and felt as a pressing need to preserve the highest standards of health, WHO was seen as a way to satisfy this need. Also, the concept of "health for all", embodied by WHO, is fundamental to the attainment of peace, welfare and security of nations. The assumption ...