Massoud, Sarah
(Notre Dame University-Louaize, 2025)
Prolonged school disruptions in Lebanon, particularly due to the economic collapse in 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), the Beirut Port Blast in 2020, and the 2023-2024 interstate war, which continues sporadically to the present day, have had detrimental effects on learners’ education and social-emotional learning. Assessment data from the Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) and the Early Grade Mathematics Assessment (EGMA) have shown that students' numeracy and literacy performance is low, with scores falling far below international benchmarks (World Bank, 2022; CERD, 2022a ). Moreover, ...