As the world enters the information age, countries has undertaken extensive study of the "Revolution in Military Affairs" and information warfare. This thesis examines the implications of information warfare tactics and techniques for terrorism. It explores the possibility that computers may revolutionize terrorism. Two concepts are often embodied in academic definitions of terrorism: violence and terror. By adding information warfare techniques, the definition of terrorism could be expanded to include "cyberviolence," the destruction or manipulation of computer information. The "violence" ...

This research explores the extent to which decentralized governance has influenced the management of Lebanon’s protracted crisis. Through a case study of the Municipality of Beddawi’s response to the Syrian Refugee crisis with a recognition of the interlinked health (COVID19) and security crises (recent Israeli raids), and through adopting a combined multi-level governance and network governance approach, the study investigates the interplay between vertical and horizontal structures and actors in the management of the crisis. The focus is primarily on municipal capacity, accountability mechanisms, ...

Throughout its history, Lebanon has had diverse relations with a multitude of countries. Many of these relations faded away, others have changed drastically. However, one that has remained little changed and is today as strong as ever, is the relationship with the Holy See. This makes any observer wonder about the reasons for this solid relationship. While reviewing the long years of the history of the relationship between the two countries, this paper aimed at showing how stable and unchanged the Holy See diplomacy was in Lebanon. To do that, it was necessary to start from the very beginning, ...

Twenty three years ago, newly independent Moldova, a former soviet republic lodged between Romania and Ukraine, was consumed by fighting between neighbors on opposite banks of the Dniester River. The conflict broke out because citizens on the eastern of “left” bank of the river, in the largely Russian-speaking region known as Transnistria, feared that Romanian-speaking right-bank Moldovans would form a federal union with neighboring Romania. With tacit support from Moscow and in the protective showdown of the Russian 14th Army, Transnistria declared itself an independent republic on its own right ...

Mesopotamia back then, Iraq and neighbors today were the Cradle of Civilizations, all the first firsts were born there, first concept of cities and villages, first law, philosophy, arts, ceramics, the concept of religion and construction of temples, concept of politics, sciences and technology, medicine and literature were also created first in Mesopotamia as well as the creations of the beer and the wheel. This Civilization exported all its creation to the world, philosophy, literature, science, technology, medicine, arts, education, industry, and manufacturing were all exported from Mesopotamia ...

Energy security, defined as uninterrupted access to affordable energy, is essential for modern societies. Uneven distribution of energy resources creates reliance between resource-rich and resource-scarce countries. This thesis examines European Union (EU) strategies for securing gas supplies and reducing dependence on Russia. Historically, gas trade between the EU and Russia evolved from interdependence to European dependence. Currently, Russia leverages its gas exports as an energy weapon, creating vulnerability for the EU. This study analyzes the EU-Russia gas trade relation, in which the EU ...

Lebanon, the second smallest state in the Middle East, has been influenced by numerous foreign interventions, of which most significant are those by, regional and global powers, the French Republic and the United States of America. Beyond their direct military presence in the past, both the US and France have been constantly accused of meddling in Lebanon’s internal affairs. In the past few years, the United States had been regularly imposing sanctions on Lebanese companies and individuals, whereas, more recently still, France was becoming directly involved in the Lebanese political crisis. ...